Lab-grown ovarian ‘mini-tumours’ provide new tool for immunotherapy research

Understanding how tumours shape immune responses

The researchers examined how immune cells act within their model. Similarly to real human tumours, they found that the monocytes developed into macrophages – specialised immune cells that can engulf cancer cells and play an important role in either supporting or limiting tumour growth. The macrophages behaved differently depending on which ovarian cancer cells they were grown with, highlighting how differences between tumours may influence how the immune system responds.

Macrophages are attracting growing interest as targets for new cancer immunotherapies designed to help them recognise and remove cancer cells. The team’s model offers a useful tool for studying and testing these approaches.

The researchers used the model to investigate treatments designed to block ‘do not eat me’ signals that cancer cells use to avoid being removed by macrophages. When they blocked these signals using antibodies, macrophage activity increased and cancer cell numbers decreased.

Using live microscopy, the team was also able to observe macrophages interacting with and engulfing tumour cells in real time.

These findings demonstrate how the pentaculture model can be used to explore potential treatment strategies and better understand how tumours influence immune responses.

Study authors Professor Fran Balkwill (left) and Dr Beatrice Malacrida (right).

Supporting new approaches to cancer research

The technique could also provide a valuable alternative to some research methods involving animals and may offer more relevant insights because it is based on human cells.

This supports wider efforts, including a commitment recently announced by the UK Government, to phase out animal research in favour of alternative methods, where appropriate.

“This model captures more of the human tumour environment than we’ve been able to study before. It allows us to think about what we can do using human cells, without always relying on research in animals such as mice,” Professor Balkwill comments. “However, it is still a simplified system, and there are important aspects of the tumour microenvironment we can’t yet fully replicate.”

The researchers note that in future, their model could be expanded to include additional cell types, enabling the study of even more complex tumour environments.

The study was made possible through collaboration with gynaecological oncology surgeons at Barts Health NHS Trust, led by Professor Ranjit Manchanda, who provided human tumour samples for the research. The team was also supported by core facilities at BCI, including pathology, microscopy and flow cytometry.

The work was funded by UK Research and Innovation (under the UK Government’s Horizon Europe funding guarantee), Cancer Research UK, the Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance, Wellbeing of Women, and Barts Charity.

Microscope image of ovarian cancer pentacultures. Cancer cells are shown in red, with macrophages (CD14) in green, fibroblasts (CD90) in pink and the extracellular matrix (FN1) in blue. For more details, see the original paper: Malacrida et al. Nat. Commun. (2026).